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  author = {Hausdorff, Felix},
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  year = 1914
}


@MastersThesis{Watel:2011,
    author     =     {Dimitri Watel},
    title     =     {{Apprentissage de patrons de questions}},
    school     =     {Universit\'e Paris-Sud 11},
    address     =     {91400 Orsay},
    year     =     {2011},
    }

@inproceedings{Kuchmann-Beauger:2011:NLI:2026011.2026034,
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 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Natural language processing and information systems},
 series = {NLDB'11},
 year = {2011},
 isbn = {978-3-642-22326-6},
 location = {Alicante, Spain},
 pages = {201--208},
 numpages = {8},
 url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2026011.2026034},
 acmid = {2026034},
 publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
 address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
 keywords = {data warehouses, natural language interface, question answering},
} 

@inproceedings{Kuchmann-Beauger:2011:SDQ:2176246.2176251,
 author = {Kuchmann-Beauger, Nicolas and Aufaure, Marie-Aude},
 title = {Structured data-based q\&\#38;a system using surface patterns},
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 series = {FQAS'11},
 year = {2011},
 isbn = {978-3-642-24763-7},
 location = {Ghent, Belgium},
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 numpages = {12},
 url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24764-4_4},
 doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-24764-4_4},
 acmid = {2176251},
 publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
 address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
 keywords = {information extraction, linguistic patterns, question answering},
} 

@article{Moffat:2008:RPM:1416950.1416952,
 author = {Moffat, Alistair and Zobel, Justin},
 title = {Rank-biased precision for measurement of retrieval effectiveness},
 journal = {ACM Trans. Inf. Syst.},
 issue_date = {December 2008},
 volume = {27},
 number = {1},
 month = dec,
 year = {2008},
 issn = {1046-8188},
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 url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1416950.1416952},
 doi = {10.1145/1416950.1416952},
 acmid = {1416952},
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 keywords = {Recall, average precision, pooling, precision, relevance},
} 

@article{citeulike:6678375,
    abstract = {{PMID: 12444735 In this paper, the performance of new clustering methods such as Neural Gas (NG) and Growing Neural Gas (GNG) is compared with the K-means method for real and simulated data sets. Moreover, a new algorithm called growing K-means, GK, is introduced as the alternative to Neural Gas and Growing Neural Gas. It has small input requirements and is conceptually very simple. The GK leads to nearly optimal values of the cost function, and, contrary to K-means, it is independent of the initial data set partition. The incremental property of GK additionally helps to estimate the number of natural clusters in data, i.e., the well-separated groups of objects in the data space.}},
    author = {Daszykowski, M. and Walczak, B. and Massart, D. L.},
    citeulike-article-id = {6678375},
    citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci020270w},
    citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ci020270w},
    day = {1},
    doi = {10.1021/ci020270w},
    journal = {Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences},
    keywords = {basc, clustering, k-means, neural-gas, statistics},
    month = nov,
    number = {6},
    pages = {1378--1389},
    posted-at = {2010-02-17 21:31:14},
    priority = {5},
    title = {{On the Optimal Partitioning of Data with K-Means, Growing K-Means, Neural Gas, and Growing Neural Gas}},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci020270w},
    volume = {42},
    year = {2002}
}

@inproceedings{Sapia:2000:PPQ:646109.679288,
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 isbn = {3-540-67980-4},
 pages = {224--233},
 numpages = {10},
 url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=646109.679288},
 acmid = {679288},
 publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
 address = {London, UK, UK},
} 

@MISC{Cunningham99jape:a,
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@inproceedings{Appelt:1998:CPS:1119089.1119095,
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@article{Pereira:1981:EG:972911.972914,
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 number = {4},
 month = oct,
 year = {1981},
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 acmid = {972914},
 publisher = {MIT Press},
 address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
} 

@article{Woods:1970:TNG:355598.362773,
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 keywords = {computational linguistics, grammar models, grammars, linguistics, natural languages analysis, parsing, semantic interpretation, transformational grammars, transition network grammars},
} 

@inproceedings{Unger:2012:TQA:2187836.2187923,
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 title = {Template-based question answering over RDF data},
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@InProceedings{blunschi2012,
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@inproceedings{BenMustapha:2010:SSU:1754239.1754243,
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 keywords = {case-based reasoning, information retrieval, modular ontology, ontology, semantic search, semantic web},
} 
@inproceedings{BAA,
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@article{Soricut:2006:AQA:1127331.1127342,
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@book{MSS,
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@inproceedings{EBI,
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 }

@inproceedings{TTQ,
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@article{KQA,
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@article{ROT,
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@article{IRI,
 author = {Kangavari, M. R. and Ghandchi, S. and Golpour, M.},
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 year = {2008}
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@ARTICLE{NLInterface,
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@INPROCEEDINGS{NLTemplates,
    author = {Sebastian Ryszard Kruk and Krystian Samp and Brian Davis},
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    year = {2006}
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@article{ontologyBasedQA,
 author = {Serhatli, M. and Alpaslan, F. N.},
 title = {An Ontology based Question Answering System on Software Test Document Domain},
 journal = {World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology},
 year = {2009}
}

@inproceedings{modularOntology,
 author = {Ben Mustapha, Nesrine and Zghal, Hajer Baazaoui and Aufaure, Marie-Aude and ben Ghezala, Henda},
 title = {Semantic search using modular ontology learning and case-based reasoning},
 booktitle = {EDBT '10: Proceedings of the 2010 EDBT/ICDT Workshops},
 year = {2010},
 isbn = {978-1-60558-990-9},
 pages = {1--12},
 location = {Lausanne, Switzerland},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 }

@article{semanticWebInformationRetrieval,
  author    = {Baazaoui Zghal, Hajer and Aufaure, Marie-Aude and  Ben Mustapha, Nesrine},
  title     = {A Model-Driven Approach of Ontological Components for On-line Semantic Web Information Retrieval},
  journal   = {J. Web Eng.},
  volume    = {6},
  number    = {4},
  year      = {2007},
  pages     = {309-336},
}

@inproceedings{informationRetrievalInformationExtraction,
  author    = {Dan I. Moldovan and
               Mihai Surdeanu},
  title     = {On the Role of Information Retrieval and Information Extraction
               in Question Answering Systems},
  booktitle = {SCIE},
  year      = {2002},
  pages     = {129-147},
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/scie/2002,
  editor    = {Maria Teresa Pazienza},
  title     = {Information Extraction in the Web Era: Natural Language
               Communication for Knowledge Acquisition and Intelligent
               Information Agents, papers from SCIE 2002, Frascati (Rome,
               Italy), July 2002},
  booktitle = {SCIE},
  publisher = {Springer},
  series    = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume    = {2700},
  year      = {2003},
  isbn      = {3-540-40579-8},
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{IEQuestionAnswering,
    author = {Rohini Srihari and Wei Li},
    title = {Information Extraction Supported Question Answering},
    booktitle = {In Proceedings of the Eighth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8},
    year = {},
    pages = {185--196}
}

@inproceedings{POP,
  author    = {Martin M. Soubbotin},
  title     = {Patterns of Potential Answer Expressions as Clues to the
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  booktitle = {TREC},
  year      = {2001},
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@book{SoftwareUserInterfaceDesign,
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@article{performanceIssues,
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 volume = {21},
 number = {2},
 year = {2003},
 issn = {1046-8188},
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 doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/763693.763694},
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@inproceedings{evaluationTransparente,
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@INPROCEEDINGS{TREC8,
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@article{webQA,
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@inproceedings{entityRecognition,
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@inproceedings{learningPatterns,
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 year = {2004},
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@article{surfacePatternsQA,
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 }

@inproceedings{textSemanticParsing,
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 }

@inproceedings{qaTrack,
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	pages={157--165}
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@inproceedings{polestar,
author={Cubranic, D},
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year={2008},
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@inproceedings{ACEOld,
	author = {Norbert E. Fuchs and Kaarel Kaljurand and Tobias Kuhn},
	title = {{Attempto Controlled English for Knowledge Representation}},
	booktitle = {{Reasoning Web, Fourth International Summer School 2008}},
	editor = {Cristina Baroglio and Piero A. Bonatti and Jan Ma{\l}uszy\'nski and Massimo Marchiori and Axel Polleres and Sebastian Schaffert},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
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	year = {2008}
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@incollection{ACE,
   author = {Bernstein, Abraham and Kaufmann, Esther and G\"ohring, Anne and Kiefer, Christoph},
   affiliation = {University of Zurich, Department of Informatics, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich Switzerland},
   title = {Querying Ontologies: A Controlled English Interface for End-Users},
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   year = {2005}
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@inproceedings{evaluatingQA,
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year={2002}
}


@INPROCEEDINGS{Voorhees03,
    author = {Ellen M. Voorhees},
    title = {Overview of the TREC 2003 Question Answering Track},
    booktitle = {},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {54--68}
}


@inproceedings{IR-IE,
  author    = {Dan I. Moldovan and
               Mihai Surdeanu},
  title     = {On the Role of Information Retrieval and Information Extraction
               in Question Answering Systems},
  booktitle = {SCIE},
  year      = {2002},
  pages     = {129-147},
  crossref  = {DBLP:conf/scie/2002},
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/scie/2002,
  editor    = {Maria Teresa Pazienza},
  title     = {Information Extraction in the Web Era: Natural Language
               Communication for Knowledge Acquisition and Intelligent
               Information Agents, papers from SCIE 2002, Frascati (Rome,
               Italy), July 2002},
  booktitle = {SCIE},
  publisher = {Springer},
  series    = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume    = {2700},
  year      = {2003},
  isbn      = {3-540-40579-8},
}

@article{improvingQA,
 author = {Kangavari, M. R. and Ghandchi, S. and Golpour, M.},
 title = {Information Retrieval: Improving Question Answering Systems by Query Reformulation and Answer Validation},
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 year = {2008}
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@article{WATSON,
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               J. William Murdock and
               Eric Nyberg and
               John M. Prager and
               Nico Schlaefer and
               Christopher A. Welty},
  title     = {Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project},
  journal   = {AI Magazine},
  volume    = {31},
  number    = {3},
  year      = {2010},
  pages     = {59-79},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
}



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  publisher = {ACM},
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  posted-at = {2009-01-04 14:49:31},
  priority = {0},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b105f7d0996d9acb4f15677cc6b5a2a0/gonaut},
  citeulike-article-id = {552920},
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@InProceedings{OSE,
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@inproceedings{FAT,
  author    = {Christopher Pinchak and
               Dekang Lin and
               Davood Rafiei},
  title     = {Flexible Answer Typing with Discriminative Preference Ranking},
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  year      = {2009},
  pages     = {666-674},
  ee        = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E09-1076},
  crossref  = {DBLP:conf/eacl/2009},
  bibsource = {DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de}
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/eacl/2009,
  title     = {EACL 2009, 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the
               Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of
               the Conference, March 30 - April3, 2009, Athens, Greece},
  booktitle = {EACL},
  publisher = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year      = {2009},
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@inproceedings{ATIR,
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/cikm/2009,
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               Il-Yeol Song and
               Wesley W. Chu and
               Xiaohua Hu and
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  title     = {Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Information and
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@inproceedings{PS,
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/infoscale/2006,
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@inproceedings{abrol,
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/vldb/2001,
  editor    = {Peter M. G. Apers and
               Paolo Atzeni and
               Stefano Ceri and
               Stefano Paraboschi and
               Kotagiri Ramamohanarao and
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  title     = {VLDB 2001, Proceedings of 27th International Conference
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@inproceedings{CIE,
  author    = {David Hawking},
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}

@proceedings{DBLP:conf/adc/2004,
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               Hugh E. Williams},
  title     = {Database Technologies 2004, Proceedings of the Fifteenth
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}




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@inproceedings{FAA,
  author    = {Olivier Ferret and
               Brigitte Grau and
               Martine Hurault-Plantet and
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               Laura Monceaux and
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@inproceedings{MEQ,
  author    = {Abdessamad Echihabi and
               Ulf Hermjakob and
               Eduard H. Hovy and
               Daniel Marcu and
               Eric Melz and
               Deepak Ravichandran},
  title     = {Multiple-Engine Question Answering in TextMap},
  booktitle = {TREC},
  year      = {2003},
  pages     = {772-781},
  ee        = {http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec12/papers/usc-isi.qa.pdf},
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@inproceedings{LQC,
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@inproceedings{ANC,
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@inproceedings{TSB,
 author = {Hovy, Eduard and Gerber, Laurie and Hermjakob, Ulf and Lin, Chin-Yew and Ravichandran, Deepak},
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@inproceedings{SAO,
  author    = {Hac{\`e}ne Cherfi and
               Olivier Corby and
               Catherine Faron-Zucker and
               Khaled Khelif and
               M. T. Nguyen},
  title     = {Semantic Annotation of Texts with RDF Graph Contexts},
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/iccs/2008s,
  editor    = {Peter W. Eklund and
               Ollivier Haemmerl{\'e}},
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@inproceedings{TBO,
  author    = {Antonio Ferr{\'a}ndez and
               Jes{\'u}s Peral},
  title     = {The benefits of the interaction between data warehouses
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  booktitle = {EDBT/ICDT Workshops},
  year      = {2010},
  ee        = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1754239.1754256},
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/edbtw/2010,
  editor    = {Florian Daniel and
               Lois M. L. Delcambre and
               Farshad Fotouhi and
               Irene Garrig{\'o}s and
               Giovanna Guerrini and
               Jose-Norberto Maz{\'o}n and
               Marco Mesiti and
               Sascha M{\"u}ller-Feuerstein and
               Juan Trujillo and
               Traian Marius Truta and
               Bernhard Volz and
               Emmanuel Waller and
               Li Xiong and
               Esteban Zim{\'a}nyi},
  title     = {Proceedings of the 2010 EDBT/ICDT Workshops, Lausanne, Switzerland,
               March 22-26, 2010},
  booktitle = {EDBT/ICDT Workshops},
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  year      = {2010},
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@inproceedings{GSP,
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               Min-Yen Kan and
               Tat-Seng Chua},
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  year      = {2005},
  pages     = {384-391},
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/sigir/2005,
  editor    = {Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates and
               Nivio Ziviani and
               Gary Marchionini and
               Alistair Moffat and
               John Tait},
  title     = {SIGIR 2005: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International
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@inproceedings{LST,
  author    = {Deepak Ravichandran and
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@inproceedings{SPL,
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@inproceedings{AAB,
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               Hsu-Chun Yen and
               Wen-Lian Hsu},
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  year      = {2008},
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@inproceedings{AQA,
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@inproceedings{AQAR,
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@phdthesis{AQAT,
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title= {Automated Question Answering: Template-based Approach},
school= {Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden},
year= {2002}
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@inproceedings{AEA,
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@article{Hirschman:2001:NLQ:973890.973891,
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@TECHREPORT{ferrucci:2009,
author={Ferrucci, D. and Nyberg, E. and Allan, J.},
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icde/Amer-YahiaFL07,
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@proceedings{DBLP:conf/icde/2007,
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@Article{romero2009,
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@PhdThesis{thollotThesis,
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@incollection {dasfaa12,
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@article{Hearst:2011:NSU:2018396.2018414,
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 keywords = {functional dependencies, multidimensional design, ontologies},
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@inproceedings{Orsi:2011:KCS:1951365.1951390,
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 numpages = {12},
 acmid = {1951390},
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 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {context-awareness, emergency management, keyword search, natural language, ontology},
} 

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@article{levenshtein1966bcc,
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@InProceedings{blunschi2012,
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@inproceedings{Orsi:2011:KCS:1951365.1951390,
 author = {Orsi, Giorgio and Tanca, Letizia and Zimeo, Eugenio},
 title = {Keyword-based, context-aware selection of natural language query patterns},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Extending Database Technology},
 series = {EDBT/ICDT '11},
 year = {2011},
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 location = {Uppsala, Sweden},
 pages = {189--200},
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 acmid = {1951390},
 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {context-awareness, emergency management, keyword search, natural language, ontology},
} 


